The Impact of Childhood Socialization - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1611 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Essay Did you like this example? Abstract The Impact of Childhood Socialization Students Name: Lawala Hawkins Institution: College of the Canyons Sociology: 200 Date: December 2, 2018IntroductionHave you ever wondered why we associate names such as girls, boys, men, women, females, and males with each other, or why we even associate certain genders with the different toys in which they can play with? Our country today is experiencing a lot of social issues in which we need to desperately address. Social issues are those that lie beyond ones personal control and the range of ones inner life (Coleman 2017:5). An example of social issues would be topics such as college tuition prices rising up or the popularity differences between a male or female within grade school. According to Katie Coleman, gender socialization is the shaping of individual behavior and perceptions in such a way that the individual conforms to socially prescribed expectations for males and females (Coleman 2017:21). Gender Socialization is important because we can now understand why we give little boys what we consider masculine things such as, toy trucks and also, why we have little boys wear certain colors such as, blue, red, or green. It helps us to understand why we give little girls feminine toys such as barbies, or dream houses. Also why we have them wear colors such as pink, purple, or yellow. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Impact of Childhood Socialization" essay for you Create order We can see how there are many different ways in how we apply our sexualities. Allowing both male and female to adapt to their gender identity, which is how we label ones self-such as female male or neither (Coleman 2017:22). This paper will explain an interview in which I conducted between myself and a male that I will refer to as Responded 1. I am a 29-year-old multiracial woman of African, Indian and American descent. From Diamond Bar California, but now a resident of Lancaster CA. Responded 1 is a 41-year-old heterosexual African American man. Born and raised in Los Angeles CA. What is interesting about my response from Responded 1 is that he was a popular male throughout his entire school experience which made him have high self-esteem. As to whereas, I was not popular or privilege so I had a completely different school experience than responded 1 and very low self-esteemHawkinsing up we are taught many things by our parents. Such as how to brush our teeth, wash our face, cook, clean, go to school on time, get a job and etc. However, although our parents may try to protect us from being corrupted by outside influences like our media, peers, schools, and etc, they can not properly keep these outside influences from entering into their childrens lives. These influences that I mentioned above are what sociologist consider to be part of a social learning theory. The social learning theory regards to gender identity and roles as a set of behaviors that are learned from the environment. Environmental influences include parents, peers, images in the media, toys, books, etc. The main way that gender behaviors are learned is through the process of observational learning wherein children observe the people (or images of peopl e) around them behaving in various ways. During these observations of behaviors, theyre internalizing what it means (culturally) to be a female or male in society (Coleman 2017:24). Allowing us to see that we can not stop the outside influences from grabbing a hold of our children, forcing them to behave in a way that is pleasing to our society. Early socialization of peers within your lives is where the shaping of who you are going to become. When children interact through elementary with their peers they are learning how to develop through interaction their social behavior. In addition, we can see how early social relationships with peers can shape the kind of person one becomes and what we think about gender later on in life. In elementary school, you learn about other people and building your reputation. Learn other childrens name, where they live, and how to play and communicate with them are part of social interactions. Peers start to assign you a nickname. You get to feel out what you like or dislike about each person within your school. We start forming friends and these are the one in which you hang out with or sit with them at lunch. If you are not popular the bullying is really mild. You may be called out of your name or called a funny nickname. Then when you transition to junior high school you are now familiar with who you are going to hang out with, but also scared about meeting new people who are older and in a higher grade. When you enter junior high school you notice that the popularity criteria has changed. Males and females are now separated. Groups are now formed into clicks. If you are popular you are wearing named brand clothes, makeup, and not taking school seriously considering you far from smart. When you transition to high school we then can see how a major transformation occurs in order to be popular. No one has to prove their popularity. Being part of a sport, a class clown, wearing makeup, dating, and doing things that could damage a person mentally, physically or emotionally, is what would consider you to be a popular person. I am going to focus on how being popular or unpopular can influence a persons life for the better or for the worst. Starting off with my own life experience I have never been popular. I did always try to fit in throughout my school days because being popular to me was like being a famous celebrity. It seemed like everyone knew your name and that you had to have a demeanor of a female being nice, always smiling, dressing nice and smelling good. Also what kind of car your parents dropped you off in really mattered. Popularity was based on materialistic things and on what society deemed to be considered a trend. So if you didnt possess any of these traits then you were considered unpopular. I can remember being considered an unpopular girl, for one I didnt have expensive things and my parents were not rich. My family was considered a middle-class family barely making enough money to survive off the basic necessities. I remember coming across my first experience accepting that I was not popular. I was sent to school in non-name brand shoes. They were called phat farm which was in at the time considered to be the hottest shoe at the time. However, due to my mom buying me off-brand Phatfarm tennis shoes from paying less shoe store with copied the Phatfarm shoe brand but had a logo of a backward P. I was made a skeptical within my junior high school. I remember my peers coming to up to me all day asking me to see my shoe and then laughing behind my back. This one incident I can say shape me for the worst. I became very closed in with not only my peers but everyone. My self-esteem dropped very low and I remember having a lot of thoughts about not wanting to finish school. I was able to make it out of junior high and high school by eliminating weather I wanted to be popular or not by taking my focus of the trends that society and my peers deemed as being part of the in crowd, concentrating solely on my education and high school graduation. I believe because of my negative experience within my school days that it shaped me into the woman I am a today. I believe that it should not matter how one should act or behave whether a male or female. As you get older you start to notice that the things that once mattered to you such as if you are popular or unpopular, the clothes and shoe you wearing, or if you are beautiful or smart does not define you as a person. The next person I will be talking about is Responded One. His popularity was based off his looks, brown eyes, along with his personality, which could of boost his way into being popular. The people he may have hung around, and the crowd he hung in also influenced this as well. He never had problems with getting a girlfriend or being teased. Because he is popular he does not recognize that everyone is not on the same status quo as him. He thinks boys and girls share popularity equally and that anyone can have access to this popularity title. Showing us how Responded One life is based on societies expectation of how a man should conform to masculinity. Conclusion Responded one feels that these experience shaped who he is today and that because of his positive experience he is able to blend within any crowd or settings. He walks with his head held high and feels that he is accomplishing all that he was taught to do. Which is when he becomes a man and have a family, to be the sole provider for them. He believes that his life has been shaped off his gender and masculinity. He thinks that gender is important to keep the cycle of reproduction going and to bring more little ones who will be considered popular into our future generations. In conclusion his section you will need to note interesting similarities and differences between your experiences and those of your respondent. You will also use your sociological imagination and knowledge to speculate about why you and your respondent view gender the way you do today. Finally, conclude the paper with some parting words of wisdom or some take home lesson for your reader.

The Grapes Of Wrath By Jim Casey Essay - 1484 Words

Jesus always took the blame for his people, resulting in a painful death. In The Grapes of Wrath, Jim Casey (J.C.) is a replica of Jesus. When the Joad family first experienced the wrath of the Great Depression, they were losing faith. As their faith is running out, so is there basic knowledge of doing good. Common good is something everyone has to strive to achieve. Jim Casy strives for greatness whenever he is doing something for the common good of the people he is with. He does the right thing all the time, even when he does not feel like doing it. He encourages to do good for the better of others. The principles during The Great Depression are different than today’s principles. Back then, leaving behind all your belongings and looking forward to new beginning were just the small principles in life. Some of the bigger principles are doing what is right at all times no matter how hard it is to do. During the story, Jim Casey always puts others first, even when this means tak ing one for the team and getting himself in trouble, because that is what people do for the Good of the Community, and he believes he is the perfect man to help everyone he encounters. Jim Casey, a former preacher changed the lives of the Joad family. The common good of the community is always running through the brains of the Joad family and giving them a hard time to get around the hardships.The dust storms are creating controversy towards certain individuals in the story. As a result, severalShow MoreRelatedGrapes of Wrath838 Words   |  4 PagesHow does John Steinbeck portray Jim Casey as a Christ figure in his novel, The Grapes of Wrath? In his novel, The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck brings a variety of diverse characters to the reader. The majority of these characters individuality lies within whom they symbolize. What Im trying to say is that the character in the novel represents another being outside of the novel. For example, the former preacher Jim Casey who is also a good friend of the Joads may to some readers representRead MoreGrapes of Wrath Essay633 Words   |  3 PagesGrapes of Wrath 1. The protagonist of this story is Tom Joad. Tom must overcome several conflicts when he is paroled from jail and let out into an economically depressed country. Toms physical conflict throughout the novel is the task of surviving the horrible starving conditions of Americas Great Depression. He also has physical conflicts with people who only wish to destroy the hopes of migrant workers such as the police and strikebreakers. Toms emotional conflict deals with his inabilityRead MoreEssay about Grapes Of Wrath1712 Words   |  7 Pages John Steinbeck uses symbolism to enrich his writing. Several of these symbols can be found in his book, The Grapes of Wrath. The Joad’s, a family from Oklahoma, are in search of a better life. They leave their home in journey to California because of the dust bowl. The symbols in the book are the dust, the turtle, names of people, and the grapes. These symbols give the reader an additional perspective of the book. Dust represents life and death. Dust makes a mess of things and leaves possessionsRead MoreIrony in the Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesIrony in the Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck Many of the events in The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck do not result in the expected manner. Although the Joads seem to be traveling in hope, irony seems to conquer several situations. There are three types of irony: in dramatic irony, the reader sees the characters mistakes, but not the character. In verbal irony, the author means something rather than what is said. Irony of situation is when there is a paradox between the purpose ofRead MoreTheme Of The Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck723 Words   |  3 Pages The Grapes of Wrath Analysis The Grapes of Wrath, written by John Steinbeck, is a novel which demonstrates the lives of families during the Dust Bowl migration of the 1930s and the struggles they faced on their route to California. Throughout the novel, Steinbeck applies his writing style in order to convey the theme and general plot of the novel. To begin, Steinbeck incorporated an informal use of language in this novel. This can be seen through the colloquialism and slang used in theRead MoreDignity and Transformation in the Face of Tragedy in The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck777 Words   |  4 Pageshopeful and stirring themes placed against a backdrop of terror and tragedy. The â€Å"Grapes of Wrath†, written by John Steinbeck in 1939, is a gritty and realistic picture of life for migrant families in California during the Great Depression in the face of a drought, all struggling to build lives for themselves and maintain their dignity amongst the rampant capitalist self-interest of landowners. â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath† is both a novel both a naturalistic epic and a social commentary. Steinbeck tacklesRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck957 Words   |  4 PagesThe Grapes Of Wrath introduces many real life topics, and difficulties relevant to the people in the 1930s and some still relevan t to today. Throughout the book topics like migration, corporate profit, and even environmental impacts of human choices are all present in the book. Steinbeck is shown to makes many claims about each of these topics, but the topic that stands out the most are the issues with the criminal justice system. Steinbeck believes that the police and the criminal justice systemRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1075 Words   |  5 PagesKirsten Lloyd Mr. Eldridge AP Junior English 21 August 2014 Grapes of Wrath â€Å"Sometimes even to live is an act of courage.† (Seneca), In the 1939 novel, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, the reader accompanies the Joad family as they struggle to escape the crippling Dust Bowl of the mid- 1930’s. In hopes of establishing a new life for themselves after being forced off their land the family embark on a journey from Oklahoma to California in search of fruitful crops and steady work alongRead More Grapes of Wrath Essay: Steinbecks Communist Manifesto1071 Words   |  5 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath as a Communist Manifesto  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Steinbecks political views are quite evident within The Grapes of Wrath. The subject of much controversy, The Grapes of Wrath serves as a social protest and commentary. Steinbecks views as expressed through the novel tie directly into the Marxist ideals on communism.    Perhaps the first thing Steinbeck does in The Grapes of Wrath is establish the status quo. He sets up the farmers and the banks as the two main opposing forcesRead MoreGrapes of Wrath and of Mice and Men: Character Study991 Words   |  4 PagesGrapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men: Character Study The American Novelist, John Steinbeck was a powerful writer of dramatic stories about good versus bad. His own views on writing were that not only should a writer make the story sound good but also the story written should teach a lesson. In fact, Steinbeck focused many of his novels, not on average literary themes rather he tended to relay messages about the many hard truths of life in The United States. Upon winning the Nobel Peace Prize

What is succession planning Free Essays

Succession planning can be considered a company’s passport to ensuring its sustainability and business continuity. Organisations, big or small, have their competent and hardworking people as their backbone. Without them, their success will not be possible even if they put in a lot of investment in high technology and advanced machineries. We will write a custom essay sample on What is succession planning? or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s one thing, though, to have a pool of qualified and high-potential talent; it’s another thing to ensure that they are in the right positions to maximise their talents and sustain their motivation. The problem comes in when an employee who is currently occupying a critical function becomes unable to perform his or her duties for whatever reason. The company must then be able to identify a key talent from within the organisation who can fill up the void, and this is where succession planning comes into play. Succession planning is an exercise that companies do to ascertain that they have strong, experienced and knowledgeable senior managers who can serve as mentors to promising junior officers who can (and will one day) take on more critical roles and hopefully lead the company to greater success. Succession planning is about making sure that there is a qualified and competent manager who can assume greater responsibilities as the need arises and at any given time. Like in any sports team, the coach relies on a deep bench of â€Å"second team† members to replace a â€Å"starter† player when necessary. In addition, succession planning is anchored on the company’s strategic goals. For instance, if the company decides to expand its business beyond its current service area, top management needs to identify qualified talents who can occupy new posts as a result of a new deal closed or replace senior managers in the parent company who will be seconded to the subsidiary. This means that top management must constantly be on the lookout for possible changes within the organisation and quickly identify the manpower implications of these developments. Organisations that have successfully institutionalised succession planning in their organisation have integrated it into their day-to-day business operations. Succession planning is a continuous activity and not just a periodic thing. Key Elements of Succession Planning The first step to a successful succession planning is having a comprehensive and effective talent mapping and assessment system. Here, the company needs to define the skills set and competencies required for a particular rank and / or function in order to evaluate if all its employees are placed in the position that is most suited for them. Moreover, the company should be able to identify and provide development opportunities and growth areas for each key employee. Furthermore, the company should classify an employee as a high-potential talent, average performer or one that is unreliable and unmotivated. This is to make sure that the company allots more time and resources to develop the right people for the job. This means that a high-potential talent will be given more training and development programs and will be exposed to more growth opportunities compared with an average performer. Another key element in succession planning is to ensure that there is a regular performance evaluation system in place especially for key and emerging talents in the organisation. For most companies, this is done annually; for some semi-annually or even quarterly. Whatever the case is, the company should set clear, quantifiable, measurable and realistic targets against which an employee will be evaluated. Through this, top management will be able to see who among their employees are performing well against their deliverables. If there is a nonperforming employee, the company should find out the underlying cause for this because it might be a case of mismatch between the employee’s skills set and the role that he or she is being asked to perform. The company then should be quick to rectify this problem by moving that employee to a more appropriate position for him and find a more suitable talent who can take his or her place. Companies should also establish a mentoring mechanism and encourage their senior managers to always have an understudy who they think can assume their roles in the future. This understudy or apprentice will shadow the senior manager and help him or her perform critical tasks to develop the needed leadership and management skills. Moreover, companies should foster a working environment where there is flow of information from senior to junior managers and vice-versa. Talent retention is also an important element in succession planning. Companies should invest in making their employees happy and satisfied by providing financial (e. g. rewards and incentives) and non-financial â€Å"gifts† (e. g. employee recognition programs, good healthcare plan, training and development programs, safe and healthy working environment, etc. ). This, then, allows more time for seasoned managers to transfer their knowledge and share their experience to their younger colleagues so that when the time comes, junior officers can step up to the challenge. Benefits of Effective Succession Planning An effective succession planning can bring about benefits both to the company and the employees. First, the company can be assured of a stable business anchored on a strong senior management team and an equally-reliable pool of second stringers composed of trained and groomed junior employees. This, in turn, will make investors and shareholders more confident about the future of the company, which hopefully leads to increased shareholder value. On the part of the customers, they will also be assured that their service provider is in good hands and will be able to cater to their long-term needs. Moreover, good succession planning will save the company time and money in externally sourcing the talent who can best fill in the vacant position. External talents, no matter how brilliant they are, need ample time to understand the business and blend with the organisation. In the same manner, employees will benefit from an effective succession planning system as this will meet their career development requirements and make their existing and future roles clearer. High-potential employees will also appreciate the company’s taking notice of them and providing them with more top-level training and development programs. They will surely feel that they are given importance to by the company. Finally, succession planning gives employees a sense of stability, knowing that they have a long-term career path with the company. This, in turn, will make the employees more motivated, optimistic and forward-looking. How to cite What is succession planning?, Papers

International Journal Public Administration -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The International Journal Public Administration? Answer: Introduction: As an experienced senior manager, my decision to opt for a decentralised management system in place of the centralised management system is based on the outweighing benefits of the former. A decentralised management system will enable me to focus more on complex problems, organisational strategies, and a higher level of decision-making and to coordinated activities (Olivares, Caizares Kazerani, 2011). With such a system in place, I will be able to free myself from the daily duties of running the organisation which can adequately be run by supervisors or junior accounting. With such a decision, then I will be able to concentrate on more significant financial resolutions, recruiting, training and sustaining active personnel, thus elevating the corporation to a competitive position within the industry. Furthermore, my decision to decentralise operations will offer the supervisors and junior managers the essential experience in decision making (Sueur, Deneubourg Petit, 2012). Such an experience will prepare them to become competent when promoted to more senior positions. This is a foreseeable long-term investment because it will minimise the costs incurred during hiring and training of new managers. With a decentralised system, the subordinate will have the powers to make independent decisions thus promoting better control and supervision. Consequently, they will have the proper skills on the daily operations and therefore be competent to make corrections and take the appropriate action. However, I can foresee barriers to the decision of decentralisation the first being the fear of effective decision making by the low-level managers with no experience in decision making (Wong et al., 2011). Secondly, the junior managers may demand a pay rise with the rise of responsibility, an issue that the management may be unable to meet seeing that its not recruiting new staff (Hollenbeck et al., 2011). A centralised management system is my preferred style of operations because it is more efficient in times of crisis. It is easier for the overall management to address a crisis and make prompt decisions to avert further damages and to communicate a unified decision to all other staff (Tourrilhes et al., 2013). Also, the regular business operations are not altered in case of a crisis because only the management will address it (Kapucu Garayev, 2011). On the other hand, centralising the company operations is without barriers as the staff will feel isolated and not part of the day to day company operations. This may make them non-committal to business goals. The personnel develop, familiarise and study as they work within the company and regularly desire to make contributions towards the development of the organisation. The absence of such an avenue creates a disconnect. I believe that the first scenario of decentralising the company operations will be practical and more comfortable to implement. This is because, in an organisation used to centralised services, a decision of decentralisation will benefit both the management and the staff thus at least there will not be any upheaval from both sides. On the part of the team, they will warmly welcome a system of decentralisation because they will have the opportunity to make their contributions to the business operations and have the authority to marketing decisions for the betterment of the company. Also, through the additional responsibility, they will be able to gain low-level managerial experience which can be an added advantage in case of any promotions. The management also will gladly welcome the decision of decentralising operations even though they are used to centralisation. This is because decentralisation will relieve them from some minor responsibilities which they have to fulfil on a routin e basis so that they can get more time to focus on weightier matters such as developing recruiting criteria, accomplishing financial targets, and monitoring the implementation of the strategic goals of the organisation. I would prefer to work in scenario one; a highly decentralised company if offered that opportunity. This is because in such an organisation I will be able to learn early in the decision-making process and also gain experience as a first time low-level manager and develop my talent. A highly decentralized organization is most likely to grow and expand faster because all decisions do not have to come from the headquarters before implementation thus leading to efficient decision making. With the growth of the organisation, my career development is also guaranteed in addition to the advantage of the managerial experience gained while in the same company. Furthermore, I believe that a highly decentralised organisation will offer higher levels of procedural fairness to its personnel. Therefore, considering the two scenarios and the preceding arguments, a highly decentralised company is a priority both to the junior staff as well as to the managers References Hollenbeck, J. R., Ellis, A. P., Humphrey, S. E., Garza, A. S., Ilgen, D. R. (2011). Asymmetry in structural adaptation: The differential impact of centralizing versus decentralizing team decision-making structures. operations Behavior and Human Decision Processes,114(1), 64-74. Kapucu, N., Garayev, V. (2011). Collaborative decision-making in emergency and disaster management.International Journal of Public Administration,34(6), 366-375. Olivares, D. E., Caizares, C. A., Kazerani, M. (2011, July). A centralized optimal energy management system for microgrids. InPower and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011 IEEE(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Sueur, C., Deneubourg, J. L., Petit, O. (2012). From social network (centralized vs. decentralized) to collective decision-making (unshared vs. shared consensus).PLoS one,7(2), e32566. Tourrilhes, J., Yalagandula, P., Sharma, P., Mogul, J. C., Banerjee, S. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,503,307. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Wong, E. M., Ormiston, M. E., Tetlock, P. E. (2011). The effects of top management team integrative complexity and decentralized decision making on corporate social performance.Academy of Management Journal,54(6), 1207-1228.

Corrosion And Rusting Essays (2147 words) - Corrosion, Iron, Rust

Corrosion and Rusting Introduction Some people may be annoyed by their car "wearing out". Kids may have trouble with rust forming on their bicycles. One may think how to prevent rusting, but do one knows what is happening when a metal corrode? "Corrosion is defined as the involuntary destruction of substances such as metals and mineral building material by surrounding media, which are usually liquid (i.e. corrosive agents)." Most metals corrode. During corrosion, they change into metallic ions. In some cases, the product of corrosion itself forms a protective coating. "For example, aluminium forms a thin protective oxide layer which is impervious to air and water. In other cases (e.g. iron), however, the coating either flakes off or is pervious to both air and water. So the whole piece of metal can corrode right through." The most common forms of metallic corrosion are caused by electrochemical reactions, wherein two metallic phases (e.g., iron oxide and iron) react in the presence of electrolytic solution. Another mechanism of metallic corrosion is caused by chemical reaction, which explains how the protective layer of the metal is formed. Rusting is the corrosion of iron which is the most widely used structural metal. Most of it is used in making steel. The wide range of products made from steel includes all types of vehicles, machinery, pipelines, bridges, and reinforcing rods and girders for construction purposes. Therefore, rusting causes enormous economic problem and is the reason why extensive measures of corrosion protection have had to be developed. The economic importance of corrosion and corrosion protection can be shown by the following example: "It is estimated that roughly 3% of the annual production of steel is lost by corrosion. In 1974, 140 millions tons of steel were produced in the United States at a cost of approximately $400 per tons. So this gives a monetary loss of about 1.7 billion dollars." It is clearly of the utmost importance to reduce as far as possible the financial loss by corrosion, which not only affects steel but to the extent all other building metal as well. It is obvious that corrosion and rusting affect significantly the life of the society, so it is worthy to investigate this topic. In this essay, the cause of the corrosion and rusting and consequently the protection of the corrosion will be explored. Electrochemical corrosion reactions This type of corrosion takes place when two metallic phases with different electrochemical potentials are connected to each other by means of an electric conductor. Electrolytes such as acids, alkalis, salt solutions, or even milder media (e.g., rainwater, river water, groundwater, or tap water) also need to be present. "Metallic phases with different electrochemical potentials exhibit electric potential differences. Potential differences may also arise because of impurities, internal stresses, corrosion products, damaged protective coatings, etc. They also occur when different metals are used. The larger the potential difference, the faster the rate of corrosion." The electrochemical EMF series (Table 1) gives the electrochemical potential of metals under normal conditions with respect to hydrogen (hydrogen is 0). The farther two metals in electrochemical series are apart, the larger the potential difference between them. A metal is said to be less noble than those which stand to its right in the electrochemical series. In the case of electrochemical corrosion it is always the less noble metal which is removed. Table 1. Electrochemical Potential Series, Volts. K Ca Mg Al Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Au -2.92 -2.84 -2.38 -1.66 -0.76 -0.71 -0.44 -0.24 -0.14 -0.13 0.00 0.34 0.80 1.42 not noble -----------------------------------------------------------------> noble Likelihood of passing into solution decreases from left to right. The potential difference does not, however, always fully correspond with the corrosion phenomena experienced in practice. The reason is that oxide and other metal compounds have differing electrochemical potentials. Chemical corrosion reactions Metals have a tendency to combine with oxygen to form oxides and this is one of the chemical reactions. This tendency is the stronger the less noble the metal. The layers of oxide on the metal surface which are formed even in dry air may be insoluble and stable against an aqueous medium in contact with them. Therefore, if the oxide layers are dense and adhere well to the metal, they prevent further attack and act as a corrosion prevention layer.

Total drag and its variation with altitude Essay Example

Total drag and its variation with altitude Essay Example Total drag and its variation with altitude Paper Total drag and its variation with altitude Paper The equation for total drag is: D = CD x S x ? rV2 (Preston, R) where, CD is the coefficient of drag. It must be subdivided into two parts, the Cdi (Coefficient of induced drag) and CDp (Coefficient of parasite drag. ). Therefore it can be written as: D = (Cdi + Cdp) x S x ? rV2 (Preston, R) The airplanes total drag determines the amount of thrust required at a given airspeed. Thrust must equal drag in steady flight. Lift and drag vary directly with the density of the air. As air density increases, lift and drag increase and as air density decreases, lift and drag decrease. Thus, both lift and drag will decrease at higher altitudes. Fig 1 shows the total drag curve which represents drag against velocity of the object. The fuel-flow versus velocity graph for an air graph is derived from this graph, and generally looks as shown in Fig 2 From the above drag it is seen that the total drag is minimum at a certain velocity. This occurs when the parasitic drag is equal to the induced drag. Below this speed induced drag dominates, and above this speed parasite drag dominates. Design engineers are interested in minimizing the total drag. Unfortunately many factors may conflict. For example, longer wing span reduces induced drag, but the larger frontal area usually means a higher coefficient of parasite drag. Conversely, a high wing loading (i. e. a small wing) with a small aspect ratio produces the lowest possible parasite drag but unfortunately is the produces for a lot of induced drag. In recent time it is seen that jet airliners have longer wings, to reduce induced drag, and then fly at higher altitudes to reduce the parasite drag. This causes no improvement in aerodynamic efficiency, but the higher altitudes do result in more efficient engine operation. (Preston, R) Angle of Attack (AOA), is the angle between the wing and the relative wind. Everything else being costant, an increase in AOA results in an increase in lift. This increase continues until the stall AOA is reached then the trend reverses itself and an increase in AOA results in decreased lift. The pilot uses the elevators to change the angle of attack until the wings produce the lift necessary for the desired maneuver. Besides AOA other factors also contribute to the production of lift, like relative wind velocity and air density i. e. temperature and altitude. Changing the size or shape of the wing (lowering the flaps) will also change the production of lift. Airspeed is absolutely necessary to produce lift. If there is no airflow past the wing, no air can be diverted downward. At low airspeed, the wing must fly at a high AOA to divert enough air downward to produce adequate lift. As airspeed increases, the wing can fly at lower AOAs to produce the needed lift. This is why airplanes flying relatively slow must be nose high (like an airliner just before landing or just as it takes off) but at high airspeeds fly with the fuselage fairly level. The key is that the wings dont have to divert fast moving air down nearly as much as they do to slow moving air. Air density also contributes to the wings ability to produce lift. This is manifested primarily in an increase in altitude, which decreases air density. As the density decreases, the wing must push a greater volume of air downward by flying faster or push it down harder by increasing the angle of attack. This is why aircraft that fly very high must either go very fast e. g. Mach 3, or must have a very large wing for its weight. This is why the large passenger airplanes cruise at higher altitude to reduce drag, and hence save on the furl costs. (â€Å"Aircraft for Amateurs†, 1999) Small sized aircrafts have lower than normal Reynolds number. The drag coefficient attributable to skin friction is hence higher for the small aircraft. For this reason, the maximum lift-drag ratios characteristic of business jet aircraft tend to be lower than those of the large transports. Hence, the smaller flights can fly at relatively lower altitudes. References Books John A. Roberson Clayton T. Crowe, 1997, Engineering fluid Mechanics, 6th ed. , John Weily Sons Inc., ISBN 0-471-14735-4. Clement Klienstreuer, 1997, Engineering Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-49670-5 Websites â€Å"Aircraft for Amateurs†, 11th Jan. 1999 fas. org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/intro. htm Benson, T. , â€Å"The Beginner’s guide to Aeronautics†. , 14th March 2006 grc. nasa. gov/WWW/K-12/////airplane/ Johnston, D. , â€Å"Drag†, centennialofflight. gov/essay/Theories_of_Flight/drag/TH4. htm â€Å"Parasitic Drag†, http://adg. stanford. edu/aa241/drag/parasitedrag. html Preston, R. , â€Å"Total Drag† and â€Å"Flight Controls†, http://selair. selkirk. bc. ca/aerodynamics1/

Intercultural Conflict Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intercultural Conflict Analysis - Essay Example The text of the analysis in this piece of writing is about the South Africans culture and conflict resolution. Many countries in Africa have different communities living together or rather close to each other. The cultural diversity among the communities forms the basis of conflicts among members of the different beliefs and cultural practices. Solution to such conflicts is also attained through strategic cultural practices among the communities involved in the in the conflict. South Africa proves the best place to analyze due to several reasons. The first reason is that it is inclusive of the western culture and ways western culture interacts with the African custom. One can be able to see customs and practices by different groups of people and the conflict that arises with such a scenario. Another importance of the text is seen by the analysis of the dominance of the nonverbal communication among the different communities. It is seen where a man is seen as a superior being in the c ommunity and given special treatment by the feminine. Examples given on the article clearly portray the cultural values and ties during the Apartheid. Cultural values in South Africa influenced the details in the article. The female among the South African communities are the inferior beings among and are supposed to offer special services to the male. The ladies are expected to take care of the children as a man works to ensure the family is well fed and protected against all forms of dangers. The man being the masculine figure of the family and community as a whole is expected to perform hard and risky tasks. The man in the majority of the South African societies if not all, is treated with respect to the extent that the lady leans or kneels before the man as she serves food or greets the man. Local leadership among these communities is left for men and therefore the decision making on matters